Henrik Ibsen

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Henrik Johan Ibsen (20 March 1828 – 23 May 1906) was a Norwegian playwright and theatre director. As one of the founders of modernism in theatre, Ibsen is often referred to as "the father of realism" and one of the most influential playwrights of his time. His major works include Brand, Peer Gynt, An Enemy of the People, Emperor and Galilean, A Doll's House, Hedda Gabler, Ghosts, The Wild Duck, When We Dead Awaken, Rosmersholm, and The Master Builder. He is the most frequently performed dramatist in the world after Shakespeare, and A Doll's House was the world's most performed play in 2006. Ibsen's early poetic and cinematic play Peer Gynt has strong surreal elements. After Peer Gynt Ibsen abandoned verse and wrote in realistic prose. Several of his later dramas were considered scandalous to many of his era, when European theatre was expected to model strict morals of family life and propriety. Ibsen's later work examined the realities that lay behind the facades, revealing much that was disquieting to a number of his contemporaries. He had a critical eye and conducted a free inquiry into the conditions of life and issues of morality. In many critics' estimates The Wild Duck and Rosmersholm are "vying with each other as rivals for the top place among Ibsen's works"; Ibsen himself regarded Emperor and Galilean as his masterpiece. Ibsen is often ranked as one of the most distinguished playwrights in the European tradition. He is widely regarded as the foremost playwright of the nineteenth century. He influenced other playwrights and novelists such as George Bernard Shaw, Oscar Wilde, Arthur Miller, James Joyce, Eugene O'Neill, and Miroslav Krleža. Ibsen was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1902, 1903, and 1904. Ibsen wrote his plays in Danish (the common written language of Denmark and Norway during his lifetime) and they were published by the Danish publisher Gyldendal. Although most of his plays are set in Norway—often in places reminiscent of Skien, the port town where he grew up—Ibsen lived for 27 years in Italy and Germany, and rarely visited Norway during his most productive years. Born into a patrician merchant family, the intertwined Ibsen and Paus family, Ibsen shaped his dramas according to his family background and often modeled characters after family members. He was the father of Prime Minister Sigurd Ibsen. Ibsen's dramas had a strong influence upon contemporary culture.

亨利克·约翰·易卜生（1828年3月20日—1906年5月23日）是一位挪威剧作家和戏剧导演。作为现代主义戏剧的奠基人之一，易卜生常被称为“现实主义之父”，也是他那个时代最具影响力的剧作家之一。他的主要作品包括《布朗德》《培尔·金特》《人民公敌》《皇帝与加利利人》《玩偶之家》《海达·高布乐》《群鬼》《野鸭》《当我们死而复醒时》《罗斯莫庄》和《建筑师》。他是继莎士比亚之后全球上演作品最多的剧作家，而《玩偶之家》在2006年成为全球演出场次最多的戏剧。 易卜生早期充满诗意与画面感的剧作《培尔·金特》具有强烈的超现实主义色彩。自《培尔·金特》之后，他放弃诗体创作，转而采用现实主义散文体进行写作。在欧洲戏剧仍被要求恪守家庭生活与体统道德准则的时代，他的多部后期作品在当时许多人眼中被视为惊世骇俗之作。易卜生的后期创作深入剖析表象之下的现实，揭示了许多令同时代人深感不安的真相。他以批判的眼光审视生活现状与道德议题，进行自由探索。许多评论家认为《野鸭》与《罗斯莫庄》“在易卜生作品中堪称伯仲之间的巅峰之作”；而易卜生本人则视《皇帝与加利利人》为其杰作。 易卜生常被列为欧洲戏剧传统中最杰出的剧作家之一，被广泛视为19世纪最重要的戏剧家。他对乔治·萧伯纳、奥斯卡·王尔德、阿瑟·米勒、詹姆斯·乔伊斯、尤金·奥尼尔、米罗斯拉夫·克尔莱扎等剧作家及小说家产生了深远影响。易卜生曾于1902年、1903年及1904年多次获得诺贝尔文学奖提名。 易卜生以丹麦语（其生活时期丹麦与挪威的共通书面语）创作戏剧，作品由丹麦吉登达尔出版社出版。尽管他的剧作多以挪威为背景——常取材于其成长地海港小镇希恩的风貌——但易卜生曾在意大利与德国旅居27年，创作巅峰期鲜少返回挪威。出身于易卜生-帕斯家族这一显赫商人世家，他的创作常以家族背景为蓝本，角色塑造也多借鉴亲属原型。他是首相西居尔·易卜生之父。易卜生的戏剧对当代文化产生了深远影响。

亨利克·約翰·易卜生（1828 年 3 月 20 日 — 1906 年 5 月 23 日）是一位挪威劇作家和戲劇導演。作為現代主義戲劇的奠基人之一，易卜生常被稱為“現實主義之父”，也是他那個時代最具影響力的劇作家之一。他的主要作品包括《布朗德》《培爾·金特》《人民公敵》《皇帝與加利利人》《玩偶之家》《海達·高布樂》《群鬼》《野鴨》《當我們死而復醒時》《羅斯莫莊》和《建築師》。他是繼莎士比亞之後全球上演作品最多的劇作家，而《玩偶之家》在 2006 年成為全球演出場次最多的戲劇。 易卜生早期充滿詩意與畫面感的劇作《培爾·金特》具有強烈的超現實主義色彩。自《培爾·金特》之後，他放棄詩體創作，轉而採用現實主義散文體進行寫作。在歐洲戲劇仍被要求恪守家庭生活與體統道德準則的時代，他的多部後期作品在當時許多人眼中被視為驚世駭俗之作。易卜生的後期創作深入剖析表象之下的現實，揭示了許多令同時代人深感不安的真相。他以批判的眼光審視生活現狀與道德議題，進行自由探索。許多評論家認為《野鴨》與《羅斯莫莊》“在易卜生作品中堪稱伯仲之間的巔峯之作”；而易卜生本人則視《皇帝與加利利人》為其傑作。 易卜生常被列為歐洲戲劇傳統中最傑出的劇作家之一，被廣泛視為 19 世紀最重要的戲劇家。他對喬治·蕭伯納、奧斯卡·王爾德、阿瑟·米勒、詹姆斯·喬伊斯、尤金·奧尼爾、米羅斯拉夫·克爾萊紮等劇作家及小説家產生了深遠影響。易卜生曾於 1902 年、1903 年及 1904 年多次獲得諾貝爾文學獎提名。 易卜生以丹麥語（其生活時期丹麥與挪威的共通書面語）創作戲劇，作品由丹麥吉登達爾出版社出版。盡管他的劇作多以挪威為背景——常取材於其成長地海港小鎮希恩的風貌——但易卜生曾在意大利與德國旅居 27 年，創作巔峯期鮮少返回挪威。出身於易卜生 - 帕斯家族這一顯赫商人世家，他的創作常以家族背景為藍本，角色塑造也多借鑑親屬原型。他是首相西居爾·易卜生之父。易卜生的戲劇對當代文化產生了深遠影響。